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2D (column,row) hit occupancy map for a CMS Phase-1 Pixel module of the Layer 3. The module has been previously calibrated using pXar software and is operated at a depletion voltage of -100 V. Data are taken under a 25 MeV proton beam with random triggers (with the help of a Digital Test Board). There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. The pixels with higher occupancy corresponds to pixels of larger sizes, located at the edges of ROCs. |
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Projected hit map along columns for a CMS Phase-1 Pixel module of the Layer 3. The module has been previously calibrated using pXar software and is operated at a depletion voltage of -100 V. Data are taken under a 25 MeV proton beam with random triggers (with the help of a Digital Test Board). There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. The pixels with higher occupancy corresponds to pixels of larger sizes, located at the edges of ROCs. |
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Projected hit map along rows for a CMS Phase-1 Pixel module of the Layer 3. The module has been previously calibrated using pXar software and is operated at a depletion voltage of -100 V. Data are taken under a 25 MeV proton beam with random triggers (with the help of a Digital Test Board). There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. The pixels with higher occupancy corresponds to pixels of larger sizes, located at the edges of ROCs. |
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Number of pixels inside a cluster for a CMS Phase-1 Pixel module of the Layer 3. The module has been previously calibrated using pXar software and is operated at a depletion voltage of -100 V. Data are taken under a 25 MeV proton beam with random triggers (with the help of a Digital Test Board). There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. In order to reconstruct clusters, the pixel with highest pulse height is taken as cluster seed if its pulse height is above 100 ADC counts, and other pixels are clustered if they are not more than 2 pixels away from the seed and if their pulse height is above 20 ADC counts. The barycenter of a cluster is weighted by the pulse height of the pixels. |
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Distance between cluster barycenter and the pixels from the cluster for a CMS Phase-1 Pixel module of the Layer 3. The module has been previously calibrated using pXar software and is operated at a depletion voltage of -100 V. Data are taken under a 25 MeV proton beam with random triggers (with the help of a Digital Test Board). There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. In order to reconstruct clusters, the pixel with highest pulse height is taken as cluster seed if its pulse height is above 100 ADC counts, and other pixels are clustered if they are not more than 2 pixels away from the seed and if their pulse height is above 20 ADC counts. The barycenter of a cluster is weighted by the pulse height of the pixels. The distance is calculated in local units (columns and rows). |
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Sum of the pulse heights of pixels inside a cluster for a CMS Phase-1 Pixel module of the Layer 3. The module has been previously calibrated using pXar software and is operated at a depletion voltage of -100 V. Data are taken under a 25 MeV proton beam with random triggers (with the help of a Digital Test Board). There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. In order to reconstruct clusters, the pixel with highest pulse height is taken as cluster seed if its pulse height is above 100 ADC counts, and other pixels are clustered if they are not more than 2 pixels away from the seed and if their pulse height is above 20 ADC counts. The barycenter of a cluster is weighted by the pulse height of the pixels. |
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Distribution of the pixel pulse height for a CMS Phase-1 Pixel module of the Layer 3. The module has been previously calibrated using pXar software and is operated at a depletion voltage of -100 V. Data are taken under a 25 MeV proton beam with random triggers (with the help of a Digital Test Board). There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. Each pulse height is digitized by an 8-bit ADC (enabling values from 0 to 255). Pixels saturate around 155 ADC counts. This saturation of the Front-End electronics (pre-amplifier) is due to the large signals deposited (10 to 15 MIP). |
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Distribution of the maximum pulse height per event for a CMS Phase-1 Pixel module of the Layer 3. The module has been previously calibrated using pXar software and is operated at a depletion voltage of -100 V. Data are taken under a 25 MeV proton beam with random triggers (with the help of a Digital Test Board). There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. Each pulse height is digitized by an 8-bit ADC (enabling values from 0 to 255). Pixels saturate around 155 ADC counts. This saturation of the Front-End electronics (pre-amplifier) is due to the large signals deposited (10 to 15 MIP). |
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Occupancy of the front sensor, and for the first CBC3 chip, of a 2S mini module as a function of the strip number. The data are taken from a 25 MeV beam of protons. The events are triggered by the coincidence of 2 plastic scintillators. The bias voltage applied to the sensor is of -400 Volts. The empty bin for strip 60 is due to a dead channel related to a broken wire bound. Strips close by this deep are showing larger occupancies. There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. |
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Occupancy of the back sensor, and for the first CBC3 chip, of a 2S mini module as a function of the strip number. The data are taken from a 25 MeV beam of protons. The events are triggered by the coincidence of 2 plastic scintillators. The bias voltage applied to the sensor is of -400 Volts. The empty bins for strips 62 and 70 are due to dead channels related to broken wire bounds. Strips close by these deeps are showing larger occupancies. There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. |
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Number of strip with signals per event, for the front sensor and the first CBC3 chip, of a 2S mini-module. The data are taken from a 25 MeV beam of protons. The events are triggered by the coincidence of 2 plastic scintillators. The bias voltage applied to the sensor is of -400 Volts. The mean strip multiplicity is close to 3, reflecting a larger energy deposition due to the nature of the beam. Events with 0 strips mainly reflect the module acceptance, rather than the hit efficiency (that is expected to be close to 100%). For this reason, the first bin has been set to 0. The fraction of events in the 0 strip bin is of 1.6%. There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. |
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Number of strip with signals per event, for the back sensor and the first CBC3 chip, of a 2S mini-module. The data are taken from a 25 MeV beam of protons. The events are triggered by the coincidence of 2 plastic scintillators. The bias voltage applied to the sensor is of -400 Volts. The mean strip multiplicity is close to 3, reflecting a larger energy deposition due to the nature of the beam. Events with 0 strips mainly reflect the module acceptance, rather than the hit efficiency (that is expected to be close to 100%). For this reason, the first bin has been set to 0. The fraction of events in the 0 strip bin is of 1.6%. There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. |
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Correlations between the strip number in the front sensor (x-axis) and the strip number in the back sensor (y-axis), for the first CBC3 chip of a 2S mini-module. The events are triggered by the coincidence of 2 plastic scintillators. The bias voltage applied to the sensor is of -400 Volts. The empty bins for strip 60 in the front sensor and 62 and 70 in the back sensor are due to broken wire bounds. A very high correlation is observed. There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. |
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Multiplicity of reconstructed stub for the first CBC3 chip of a 2S mini-module. The events are triggered by the coincidence of 2 plastic scintillators. The bias voltage applied to the sensor is of -400 Volts. The fraction of events with 0 stub reflects mainly the acceptance of the module, rather than the stub efficiency (that is expected to be close to 100%). For this reason, the first bin has been set to 0. The beam being perpendicular to the 2S module surface, the great majority of events with at least one stub contains 1 single stub per event. This also shows the limited impact of the cluster size. There is no magnetic field, and the module is at 90 degrees to the beam. |
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A visualization of the Geant4-simulated geometry of the current setup. The Al foil (beam entrance), the two plastic scintillators for triggering (depth of 2 mm), the pixel phase 1 layer (460 microns of silicone in total) and the 2S module (320 microns of silicon for each plane) which is the current DUT, can be seen. The aire is also simulated. The proton beam (blue line) and its direction are noted. |
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Kinetic energy of the beam particles (25 MeV protons) along the z-direction for the whole setup (scintillators, 2S DUT, pixel module) from a simulated run of 20000 events. Every large energy loss (step) are due to the presence of material. Small energy loss from the air can also be seen. All the beam energy is deposited in the last scintillator. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Kinetic energy of the beam particles (25 MeV protons) along the z-direction for the whole setup (scintillators, 2S DUT, pixel module) from a single-event simulated run. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Beam profile at the exit of the Al foil at the exit of the beam line from a simulated run of 20000 events with a 25 MeV proton beam. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Beam profile at the exit of the first scintillator for triggering from a simulated run of 20000 events with a 25 MeV proton beam. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Beam profile at the exit of the first strip sensor of the 2S module DUT from a simulated run of 20000 events with a 25 MeV proton beam. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Beam profile at the exit of the second strip sensor of the 2S module DUT from a simulated run of 20000 events with a 25 MeV proton beam. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Beam profile at the exit of the pixel layer from a simulated run of 20000 events with a 25 MeV proton beam. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Beam profile at the exit of the second scintillator for triggering from a simulated run of 20000 events with a 25 MeV proton beam. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Energy deposited from primary particles (25 MeV protons) in the Al foil at the exit of the beam line from a simulated run of 20000 events. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Energy deposited from primary particles (25 MeV protons) in the first scintillator (along the way of the beam) from a simulated run of 20000 events. This pair of organic scintillators are used for triggering. The first scintillator is in front of the DUT (along the way of the beam), while the second one is behind the pixel layer (along the way of the beam) in the current setup. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Energy deposited from primary particles (25 MeV protons) in the first (along the way of the beam) sensor of the 2S module DUT from a simulated run of 20000 events. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Energy deposited from primary particles (25 MeV protons) in the second (along the way of the beam) sensor of the 2S module DUT from a simulated run of 20000 events. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Energy deposited from primary particles (25 MeV protons) in the sensor of a pixel module (behind the 2S DUT) from a simulated run of 20000 events. The pixel layer will be one of the two pixel layers of the CHROMini telescope. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Energy deposited from primary particles (25 MeV protons) in the ROC of a pixel module (behind the 2S DUT) from a simulated run of 20000 events. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Energy deposited from primary particles (25 MeV protons) in the second scintillator (along the way of the beam) from a simulated run of 20000 events. This pair of organic scintillators is used for triggering. The first scintillator is in front of the DUT (along the way of the beam), while the second one is behind the pixel layer (along the way of the beam) in the current setup. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |
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Energy deposited from primary particles (25 MeV protons) in each volume of the setup (Al foil, scintillators, 2S DUT, pixel layer) from a simulated run of 20000 events. The simulation is performed with Geant4. |